Research sheds new light on effects of dietary restriction: Study identifies muscle as a privileged tissue under conditions of nutrient scarcity

Dietary restriction, in which calories are restricted without malnutrition, is one of the most robust anti-aging interventions. When confronted with a scarcity of nutrients, an organism conserves resources by lowering the translation, or production, of proteins, which is one of the most energetically expensive processes in the cell. Proteins serve as the building blocks for tissues and organs and perform vital physiological functions.

The conservation of cellular resources through reduced protein translation confers an evolutionary benefit by allowing the organism to survive so that it can reproduce when food becomes plentiful. But it comes at the cost of a reduction in anabolic function, or growth and reproduction.

Working in the tiny nematode worm, C. elegans, Rogers sought to identify the effects of genetically suppressing protein translation in various tissues. While skin, nerve and reproductive tissue responded as expected with enhanced survival and decreased growth and reproduction, the effect was the opposite in muscle: instead of being suppressed, growth and reproduction were accelerated.

C. elegans is a popular model in aging research because it shares many of its genes with humans, including those governing nutrient-sensing pathways, and because its short lifespan allows scientists to rapidly assess the effects of anti-aging interventions.

The role of foraging

Rogers theorizes that muscle may be protected under conditions of nutrient scarcity in order to support the ability of an organism to forage for food.

“The usual tradeoff with reduced protein synthesis is increased longevity for decreased growth and reproductive capacity,” Roger said. “But in muscle tissue, we saw the opposite, which is not what we expected. We found that muscle tissue is privileged under conditions that are usually unfavorable for growth and reproduction — that its potential for growth is protected even when nutrients are scarce.”

The study, entitled “Anabolic Function Downstream of TOR Controls Trade-offs Between Longevity and Reproduction at the Level of Specific Tissues in C. elegans,” was recently published in the journal Frontiers in Aging. In addition to Rogers, who is the corresponding author, authors include first author Amber C. Howard, Ph.D., of Middle Georgia State University, who was formerly at the MDI Biological Laboratory.

The results suggest that it may be possible to develop anti-aging drugs that prolong healthy lifespan without the loss of muscle tissue. They also offer insight into the mechanisms underlying the longevity-promoting benefits of exercise and, conversely, the drawbacks of being the animal model equivalent of a couch potato.

Rogers theorizes that muscle activity in the form of exercise could send a signal to the cell that foraging activity is high — in other words, that nutrients are scarce. Such a signal would launch a systemic lifespan-enhancing survival and maintenance program that would suppress growth and reproduction in most tissues, but preserve it in muscle tissue, in which growth would still be required for purposes of food-seeking.

The systemic deactivation of the growth and reproductive program in response to a high level of muscular activity, he said, could explain a condition called athletic amenorrhea in which menstruation ceases in women who exercise excessively, Rogers said.

Conversely, he theorizes, inactivity in muscle tissue, which is essential for the procurement of food, could be perceived by the cell as a lack of foraging activity. When coupled with an ample food supply, this perception could cue the reproductive system that nutrients in the environment are plentiful — the couch potato scenario -and that conditions are therefore optimal for growth and reproduction.

“We believe muscle may send a hormone-like signal that is dependent on contraction for production and release,” he explained. “If an organism isn’t using its muscles, this signal may inform the reproductive system that foraging activity is low — in other words, that food is plentiful — and, therefore, that conditions are optimal for making the next generation, thus redirecting cellular resources toward growth and reproduction.”

Though Rogers points out that parallels between worms and humans aren’t always valid, he hypothesizes that the inactivity-triggered run-on of a growth and reproduction program that is no longer relevant after the age of reproduction, along with the inability of the weakened systems of an aging body to regulate it, could lead to the “hyper” pathologies of old age such as cancer, diabetes (high blood sugar) and hypertension.

Ameliorating the negative effects of anti-aging drugs

Over the past decade, significant research has focused on the anti-aging potential of a drug called rapamycin, which is considered a DR “mimetic” because of its ability to suppress protein translation. Like DR, rapamycin has been shown to extend healthy lifespan in yeast, worms and flies, and to prevent or delay the onset of age-related degenerative diseases in mice, which are mammals like humans.

With rapamycin and other DR mimetics now under intensive study as potential anti-aging therapies, Rogers believes his discovery of the tissue-dependent nature of the suppression of protein translation may point the way to drugs that extend lifespan without the loss of anabolism, or the ability to replace tissues that occurs when protein synthesis is turned down, in muscle, thus “extending lifespan without trade-offs.”

One potential application may be for the treatment of sarcopenia, a potentially debilitating age-related loss of skeletal muscle that affects up to 13 percent of people in their 60s and as many as half of those in their 80s. Because muscle may be spared from the effects of the suppression of protein translation, Rogers envisions anti-aging therapeutics that promote longevity while protecting muscle from atrophying.

“The MDI Biological Laboratory has focused on the comparative study of animal models to gain insight into human health for more than 120 years,” President Hermann Haller, M.D., said of the research. “Aric’s fascinating discovery in C. elegans that muscle is protected under conditions of nutrient scarcity, which could lead to the development of anti-aging drugs without side effects, once again demonstrates the value of our approach.”

Rogers’ research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under grant numbers R00AG037621 and R01AG062575, the Morris Scientific Discovery Fund and the Ellison Medical Foundationunder grant number AG-NS-1087-13. In addition, it was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under grant numbers P20GM103423 and P20GM104318.