China’s great food solution? Giant towers full of pigs

Built by Hubei Zhongxin Kaiwei Modern Animal Husbandry, a cement manufacturer turned pig breeder, the Ezhou farm stands like a monument to China’s ambition to modernise pork production.

“China’s current pig breeding is still decades behind the most advanced nations,” said Zhuge Wenda, the company’s president. “This provides us with room for improvement to catch up.”

The farm is next to the company’s cement factory, in a region of the country known as the “Land of Fish and Rice” for its importance to Chinese cuisine with its fertile farmlands and surrounding bodies of water.

A pig farm in name, the operation is actually more like a Foxconn factory for pigs with the precision required of an iPhone production line. Even pig faeces is measured, collected and repurposed. Roughly one-quarter of the feed will come out as dry excrement that can be repurposed as methane to generate electricity.

Six decades after a famine killed tens of millions of its people, China still trails most of the developed world when it comes to efficient food production. China is the biggest importer of agricultural goods, including more than half of the world’s soybeans, mostly for animal feed. It has about 10 per cent of the planet’s arable land for around 20 per cent of the global population. Its crops cost more to produce and its farmlands yield less corn, wheat and soybean per acre than other major economies.

Loading

The shortcomings became more pronounced in the last few years when trade disputes with the United States, pandemic-related supply disruptions and the war in Ukraine underscored China’s potential food security risk. In a December policy address, Xi Jinping, China’s leader, called agricultural self-reliance a priority.

“A country must strengthen its agriculture before making itself a great power, and only a robust agriculture can make the country strong,” Xi said. In the past, he has warned that China would “fall under others’ control if we don’t hold our rice bowl steady.”

And no protein is more important for the Chinese rice bowl than pork. The State Council, China’s Cabinet, issued a decree in 2019 stating that all government departments needed to support the pork industry, including financial aid for more large-scale pig farms. In the same year, Beijing also said that it would approve multistory farming, which allowed pig farming to go vertical to raise more hogs on relatively smaller parcels of land.

“This is a milestone and not only for China, because I think multistory farms will have an impact on the world,” said Yu Ping, executive director of Yu’s Design Institute, a company that designs pig farms.

As China has modernised with hundreds of millions of people moving from the countryside to urban centres, small backyard farms have disappeared. The total number of pig farms in China producing fewer than 500 hogs a year has plunged 75 per cent since 2007, to around 21 million in 2020, according to an industry report.

“US hog farmers look at the pictures of those farms in China, and they just scratch their heads and say, ‘We would never dare do that’. It’s just too risky.”

Brett Stuart, founder of market research firm Global AgriTrends

The shift toward mega-farms accelerated in 2018 when African swine fever ravaged China’s pork industry and wiped out, by some estimates, 40 per cent of its pig population.

Brett Stuart, founder of Global AgriTrends, a market research firm, said hog towers and other giant pig farms exacerbate the biggest risk facing China’s pork industry: disease. Raising so many pigs together in a single facility makes it harder to prevent contamination. He said large U.S. pork producers spread out their farms to reduce biosecurity risk.

“US hog farmers look at the pictures of those farms in China, and they just scratch their heads and say, ‘We would never dare do that,’” said Stuart. “It’s just too risky.”

But when pork prices tripled in a year, coupled with Beijing’s support of large-scale pig farms, the rewards appeared to outweigh the risk. A building boom ensued, and a market constrained by supply became overwhelmed with available pigs. Pork prices are down roughly 60 per cent from 2019 highs. China’s pork industry is marked by volatility, riding boom-or-bust cycles that spin off huge profits or losses depending on the wild price swings.

Loading

In rural villages, where backyard farms once dotted the countryside, mega-farms are sprouting up. Three years ago, as property and infrastructure sectors started to slump, Hubei Zhongxin Kaiwei decided to use a neighbouring plot of land and apply its construction expertise to branch out into a business with better growth prospects. It invested $US600 million ($866 million) to build the high-rise pig farms with an additional $US900 million earmarked for a nearby meat processing plant.

Its background in cement is useful in pig farming, the company said. Using its existing employees, it built a land-saving high-rise with reinforced concrete. It is using excess heat from the cement factory to provide hot baths and warm drinking water to the pigs. This, according to Hubei Zhongxin Kaiwei, will help the pigs grow faster with less feed.

Small backyard pig farmers are finding it hard to keep pace with that type of scale.

Qiao Yuping, 66, raises about 20 to 30 pigs a year with her husband in Liaoning province in northeastern China. When pork prices fell last year, she said they didn’t make any money. She said it’s hard to ignore the impact of mega-farms that drive up feed and vaccine prices for the animals.

“Everything has gone up in price,” Qiao said. “How can we not be affected?”

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.

The Business Briefing newsletter delivers major stories, exclusive coverage and expert opinion. Sign up to get it every weekday morning.